Began in earnest in modern Britain but diffuse pan-globalization of capital to
date,bailey UGG boots, if not considered during the interim period of the war appears
to peace and development type of process, on the contrary it is the nation-states out
of a very cold process. Be eliminated were not necessarily economic underdevelopment
and the Not to mention losing to Northern Song Dynasty powerful large nomadic horse,
nor the degree of civilization that was not integrated and the Chinese Qing dynasty?
Quot; Boxer Rebellion Tito also did not say the economy has entered a period of
moderately developed countries without a strong command of the sea in Yugoslavia as
well as being repeated later mutilated the fact that we have only to compare the Soviet
Union during Gorbachev and the tenacity to survive and are still patiently waiting for
development opportunities in the North North Korea and Cuba, it is not difficult to
understand a firm national will and effective military forces in today's globalization
process on a nation-state that has a meaning of life and death.
globalization can not the world, including military means of self- of. Once the
interests of the nation-state into the process of integration into the globalization of
capital, then the inevitable consequence is that it must have been around the world to
look into the world of national interests, rather than just standing whether the
invasion of the enemy's point of view local examine and defend their interests; being
so, the nation-state to defend national security interests of the understanding, can
not just be based on the scope of home range on a global point of view. In the world,
not just in the local scope, in the strength of the boundary between the great powers,
not just land in their own territory, trying to make its own security perimeter has
been integrated into the political and economic interests of the rationalization of the
world (for hegemony countries) or maximum (for hegemonic countries), it is anti-
hegemonic globalization process and the inevitable choice hegemonic state.
hegemony, of course, require the theory of hegemony. In many cases, people tend to
security border In fact, this is very wrong. The fact that this is linked to three
concepts but different. In fact, any country has access to a market economy within the
sovereignty of outside interests and the interests of the sovereignty that the
interests of its integration into the world security needs. Territorial border security
is within the sovereignty of States over their territorial control and security level.
The material carriers of the territory is a sovereign, therefore, territorial border
security from the very sense that sovereignty and security. The security boundary
refers to the countries outside their distribution in the interests of sovereignty,
control and protection level. For example, North America only U.S. territory in parts
of the border, but because of its powerful military strength, political and economic,
so it's national security boundary Jihu global coverage. Chinese territory about the
size of the border with the United States, but compared with the U.S., due to a serious
shortage of Chinese military power, and thus the conflict in the United States, its
safety margin is not outside the sovereign territory of China, despite the many
political and economic interests in China have been widely integration into the world.
Once the nation-state participation in globalization, that it has the right to protect
themselves has been financing the national interests of the world, and care and
protection of its interests abroad is not that of other countries? Quot; threat. and
violations of his country's sovereignty, then, in respect for the principles of
international law, based on self-defense to extend their security in the global
behavior of the boundary,cheap UGG boots, it should be seen as normal and reasonable
act of the State. If the state is a constant territory, territorial Border security is
national security and border-based promotion of a near-infinite variables: national
security depends on territorial boundaries and borders of the country's security delays
in the world the breadth and depth of the border territory of a State and national
security boundary safety factor ratio of the coefficient is the value of the country's
national security. For example, a country's national security and territorial border
security borders factor coefficient ratio greater than 1, then this country is
relatively safe; if less than 1, indicating that the country is in non-security
conditions. such as the current Iraq is like that. If you mean a description of the
country's security boundary and territorial borders coincide, the country's border
security at the bottom line, in a passive defensive position, and has a considerable
degree of vulnerability. For instance, Switzerland is the case. Khrushchev in Cuba in
1962 to deploy the missile, the Americans very panic that affect its security;
Similarly, the United States sent troops to Korea in 1950, the Chinese people think of
their own security. This shows that national security and territorial boundaries border
security really exists but are two different concepts. in the international struggle,
there is no guarantee the extension of space is absolutely unreliable security
commitments. This space is the extension of the security of a country should have the
border. the expansion of border security the expansion of the national territory is not
only meant increased safety factor of the national territorial boundaries. Chinese
people to win the Korean War, the peace situation in northeast China has been
maintained so far, but China did not cede any territory expansion. Of course, a
country's national security value is relative to competitors in terms of specific, such
as the factors that exclude the United States,Discount UGG boots, India's national
security in South Asia, the value is very high, but if the conflict between India and
the United States, India's national security value is relatively much smaller. So, to
say, a country's security depends on other countries, especially in big countries
border the country specific security requirements, not on wishful thinking to imagine
politicians in the country.
provides that recognition. does not infringe upon the sovereignty of and the premise of
international law, national security boundary is the national interest of the
reasonable boundaries. In theory, the boundary of national interests more being present
in international law, but in reality, the boundaries of national interests, the more
can exists in its own power boundary and the strength of world powers among the
provisions of the dialectical borders. regardless of a country's national interests
with the history of how the changes, but their ultimate goal is to control and use of
more international resources to meet the country's political and economic needs. If we
say that economic conditions in the natural, self-sufficient production purposes, so
this period can only be within the national interests and regional, then, when the
historical track of the market economy, the developing countries in this period became
economic survival of the during this period have become a national presence. a
country's economy, as long as it enters the market economy develops to a certain
extent, it can not without the world's resources and international market, so that it
will not be not mutual integration of the world economy part; this way, it's national
security borders, which national security strategy, we can not but be in a global
perspective to the world in the extension of the concept, its implementation will not
be not a means of radiation and to the global strength of great powers can be
effectively inter- the means to expand their own interests. From this sense, the safety
factor of a country is not entirely dependent on the presence of conditions (such as
population, territory, etc.) and the aspirations of the leaders of the country itself,
but more depends on the means of achieving national interests and its security
perimeter and the corresponding global radiation levels within the country and the
world powers recognized the safety limits of the border.
two geographical center and resource center in the Indian Ocean and The coastal areas
combined, the contemporary basic features of the geopolitical
We know the history of great power hegemony is basically controlled by controlling the
sea and land battle for the two types of strategies. Although it appears the air
battlefield, but the competition for the purpose of air superiority, or to effectively
control the sea and land. Of course, this does not mean that the maritime powers there
is no demand for land rights or land rights countries do not need sea power. Rather,
the former statement, land rights There is only the outer sea power; for the latter,
control the seas is more effective protection for land rights. such as the British and
American naval power, which is achieved by controlling the sea routes to the control of
world resources; as This theory of practice performance is earliest on a ・ t ・ Mahan
(1840-1914) proposed the If a country's power to control the high seas, it can control
the world's wealth, and control the wealth of the world will control the world. In
order to accumulate wealth, the state must be the production and exchange of products
in the world, the Earth's surface land-sea surrounded by land transport and maritime
transport more convenient than, and thus the ocean is the great gift of nature
transport. full of aggressive overseas countries must rely on raw materials of marine
access to the market and bases. Thus, a country would like to become a world power,
must freedom of action in the ocean and the sea, where necessary, to prevent free
competition. but to do this, a powerful navy of a country shall not be less powerful
and the most important force. He said: thinking of upgrading the European world to the
current level of tools. the two. First, the route from Europe via Suez, and the other
is the route across the Pacific from the United States. From that point of connection
by the shortest distance between the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean and the Channel
islands, the sea is to be controlled by U.S. and British Sea Power Navy Area where?
quot; Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, Egypt, Aden and the Indian ─ ─ by geographical order
rather than a strict order of precedence on the time ─ ─ demonstrate a complete chain
to the world. It was part of a root Central to build from, or through the public use of
force or by virtue of a political deal, but a national identity has been firmly in
control. is also in a central position. In any case, the material can be from all
regions into Egypt. in the military, Egypt is an ideal place, because the flow from all
directions on supplies in Egypt is very difficult to completely cut off any of the Navy
, which is very useful for focusing in Egypt or India for the defense of Gibraltar or
the offensive action? quot; 【4】 should be noted that, Mahan in which the Euro-centric
era did not make him fully aware of Indian Ocean sea power in the world, the key
significance of the system, he said, But many of the British-owned piece of land in the
block, they are all over the world, from Britain's sea power together as one super. In
so many places in India because of the distance and terrain best suited to be used to
exert influence in Central Asia or the expansion of the Russian front line action.
India's land border by the mountains of Afghanistan and the protection of the
Himalayas, followed by wing is perfect, as long as the British Navy is still dominant
in hand. This is actually a forward base in India, it could be bound for Egypt or China
Expeditionary Force, the initial or final point of departure; as bound in any other
direction, let alone more recent sites? Quot; Nevertheless, Mahan realized that the
Indian Ocean in the big countries, especially Britain and Russia hegemony in the
world's important areas. He said: East Turkistan and Mongolia. sense, this operation is
the division for the Asia area, or areas north and south flanks of the power of the
Commander? quot; 【5】 Mahan and Mackinder (1861-1947) with two scholars from the world
perspective Land and Sea (spear and shield) two to modern geopolitical theory 【6】
laid interdependent and indivisible nature of the original foundation.
h ・ j ・ Mackinder that the focus of the world where the forces Europe, Asia and Africa
because the traffic has become a well-developed maritime powers are not easily
accessible, the Department of the Eurasian continent with Central Asia in the Middle
East, was Mackinder called the . Mackinder made from the perspective of Europeans 【7】
should be noted is that, as Mahan, Mackinder in which the Euro-centric era has not made
him fully aware of the Indian Ocean in world geo-political system of the key
significance.
on Geopolitical system and its understanding of the central link, the politicians seem
more sensitive than the eyes of some scholars. Not to mention that Peter the Great,
Napoleon, etc. how to recognize the Indian Ocean in world geo-political system of the
key significance is Indian Ambassador to China was first, while the Indian founder of
the modern theory of sea power k ・ m ・ Panni Jia (k.m. panikkar) derided as Foreign
affairs minister and Governor General of India, one of the British Conservative Party
leader Curzon (george nathaniel curzon 1859-1925) seems to understand it. In his of the
most important part of the strategic center. . . . . . . However, no neighbors near and
far than in the fate of its political influence played, as well as their rise and fall
hinges on the extent of India, which axis is more dominant position of its center can
see. sinking, the most truly bright and precious stones. br> German thinkers unusual
attention to study geography, they control the order of all major European Lu Zhongshu,
and eventually will master the control of sea and air this view, is simply fascinated
by the world strategy. great qualifications to this new School of Mackinder is the
founder of itself to the same point of view to consider the Asian continent, so the
Indian Ocean is only used as . result, the problem location in the Indian Ocean, has
never been seriously studied. However, look at India's preparedness for a variety of
factors, we will know, from the sixteenth century, the Indian Ocean to become the right
to compete for the sea battle. India, the port distance of roughly equal in Europe and
the Far East, and Africa and the Pacific islands are both not far from this extremely
important strategic position, the importance of the Indian business with the world, and
we think this is a major driving force in India before it in the history of India
produced a drastic political change. 【11】 worth admirable is that, as a diplomat, he
was frank to say his works an the most important geo-political theory, the countries of
their native India Safety is the most painful truth:
It is because of the British position in India on the continent before the British
Indian Ocean to enjoy the absolute command of the sea, before it can be done to the
Pacific Ocean up to the forces. A close examination of the history of India the various
forces can no doubt aware, who controls the Indian Ocean, grasps India. from nearly
three hundred years of history, no power, the absolute command of the sea If you just
understand, but also the power play from the land war, you can control the Indian
Empire
If previous scholars and politicians from the rival hegemony where the location and
angle of military and commercial trade to understand the focal point of geopolitical
interests, then, with the of the 20th century the rise of the Pacific regional power
demand and the rapid expansion of the world's resources, strategic masters ever noted:
In the modern market economy, production and marketing decisions, and resources have
decided to produce. a country's strength is not entirely dependent on the country total
productivity, which depends on the absolute control of the country and can be stable
for the total amount of world resources; one country, the outcome of the rise and fall
of global politics, it is no longer simply determined by the performance of the economy
(such as market economy ) and political (eg, democracy) the total wealth, but decided
to continue to ensure that this wealth can be output so that the production of stable,
sustainable and healthy development of the resource possession; the failure of the
State, no longer showed the loss of national wealth , while the performance of the
national production of this wealth of productivity and productivity of foreign
resources that support the supply lines, especially the military control of the loss of
these lines. Thus, the geopolitics of this period should not be just a simple fight to
control the world geographical routes and control the world market theory, it has
deepened as to control the world's resources as the center of theory. In their theory,
control the world no longer based on the premise of control and target a certain area,
but rather to control the world's resources storage conditions to enrich and develop
the best in the premise and goals; geo-political system of the theory, should be a
resource center changes with the dynamic theory, rather than just a the storage in a
particular region-specific resources, the extent of demand provides the world's
resource center (or center of gravity), determine the period of the geopolitical system
of the center. If the past, the geopolitical adversaries to determine the strategy,
then, the new geo- political logic is that resource decisions strategy: who controls
the resources, who will be able to control the world.
resources and geopolitical value of the value of combined time and space and those of
the former as She grew up in U.S. president Richard Nixon (richard nixon). geopolitical
interests of the political interests and resources and to closely integrate the former
subordinated to the latter, consider a global strategy Nixon and prominently throughout
method of thinking. He wrote:
who controls the Persian Gulf and the Middle East, what is the problem, more than ever,
who controls what in the world, the key to the problem. Britain has long ago come to
see the situation . in the twentieth century, the early fifties, they try to make
Americans believe that the Persian Gulf issues, more aware of these problems, but they
are also more experience in the Persian Gulf, especially in the case. Therefore, they
can more clearly understand these issues.
Although most of the world until one thousand nine hundred seventy-three Arab oil
embargo occurred in only after the Persian Gulf emirates have some small, but the
British rulers over the past century has been paying attention to the affairs of their
most minute details. British first entered in the nineteenth century Persian Gulf to
prevent the pirates destroy their trade. From then on until the early seventies the
twentieth century, the British military forces to maintain the order and provide
protection and to address the distribution of the various emirates in the Gulf Coast in
the dispute. < br>
in the Gulf and around the Arabian Peninsula, has been living in the supremacy of the
United Kingdom. In Aden, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates, these
are usually called link between the rest of the world. They use tact, thorough and
strong wrists to perform their tasks. 1934, in a defense of their movement to the port
of Aden, the British use of flattery, bribery, and well-planned manner show of force
approach, now called South Yemen with the Members of inland rulers concluded no fewer
than fourteen hundred exploration in this region.
Britain not only control the Gulf, but also control of all regions of the Indian Ocean
to the Gulf from the channel. the Indian Ocean in all regions, including Singapore,
Malaysia, Myanmar, India, Ceylon, Aden , Suez, Kenya, South Africa, Australia, Diego
Garcia and other islands of the Indian Ocean, where at some point before all British
Dependent Territory. Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, outside the Persian Gulf are >
British forces in the Persian Gulf it has remained to 1971. However, the British after
World War II phased out of it in the a series of power vacuum, the vacuum instigated by
the Soviet Union to fill the anti-British nationalists. 【13】 strategically important
Persian Gulf today, focused on two factors: its location and its oil. this basic fact
in the second The last decades of the tenth century in the Persian Gulf, the storm's
eye into the world. If the Soviet Union, Middle East oil has the power to turn off the
faucet, it will force most of the industrialized Western countries to its knees. In
order to do this that is not necessary for the Soviet Union over Afghanistan, the
actual as they take over the Persian Gulf. they are by external pressure or internal
turmoil, the West without the resources of these countries, but also to achieve their
goals.
Soviet long-term know that since the Soviet dissident physicist Andrei? Sakharov
recalled a senior official in 1955 made a speech in the Kremlin. The official explained
that the Soviet Union in the Middle East policy of long-term goal is to Sometime in the
twentieth century, nuclear, solar, geothermal and other energy may be fully developed
to meet the energy needs of the majority of the world. But now we live in the oil era.
In the next few decades, which is the strategic Persian Gulf region is of special
significance. This means that the world's largest things, the most unstable and one of
the most endangered is the world's most important regions. 【14】 recently, the main 席
列昂尼德 Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev to the Siad Barre of Somalia (then the Soviet
Union's allies) heart to heart, said, the energy treasure house of the Persian Gulf and
the mineral deposits in central and southern Africa treasure?
only partially rely on U.S. imports of oil and strategic minerals, while Europe and
Japan is absolutely rely on overseas sources. We use half the oil imports , but
European imports eighty-five percent, Japan imports one hundred percent. As for
minerals, eighty percent of imports in Western Europe, Japan imported ninety-five
percent. break imports only small inconvenience and annoyance to the United States ,
but may in our industrialized allies cause panic. Therefore, we have even more reason
than they are for the Soviet Union to the in the modern social and economic pillars.
Their aim is to undermine the Western industrial machinery. Western industrial
countries rely on foreign sources of important raw materials, and this is one of our
key vulnerabilities. this point, and the inherent instability in many producing
countries, decided Like the Soviet Union in the Middle East, Africa and Latin America
that the region's strategic.
most Americans to picture the Antarctic to Africa is not as familiar with the map. Most
people can not tell, Mali and Malawi; they do not know what Eritrea or Somalia, where
there is more do not know why the events may determine the future of the world. They
can not say as South Yemen, Oman, the Strait of Hormuz, Bahrain or Qatar, where where.
However, these places and other places with them like, for U.S. interests and the
interests of the West is very important, the United States where the ignorance or not
interested, so the Soviets got their biggest advantage of one. 【15】 If the Soviet
penetration in Africa continue to be successful, it will be more strategic in its great
progress achieved, the strategy is to surround the world of this the resources to
survive. and even resource-rich United States, there are several basic resources
essential to the modern economy is very dependent on imports. Chromium is to explain
this dependence an example of the potential dangers.
When most people think of chromium to think of the car's high decoration. However,
strategic planners, the chromium means ball bearings, precision instruments, missiles
and other things. an aircraft requires more than three thousand six hundred pounds of
chromium. As one expert put it, . We own a small amount of chrome ore, of poor quality;
we need to have ninety-two% chromium to be imported. Recently, we have two main sources
of South Africa (thirty-three%) and the Soviet Union (percentage The XXV). Moreover,
the world's known chrome ore nine percent XVI Union of South Africa and Zimbabwe -
Rhodesia.
shows the dependence of this important Why did the Soviet Union Southern Africa ─ ━
make many in the West and who had strong feelings that some African ─ ━ as
intervention targets. the Soviet Union's actions are rarely without a purpose and the
aim is always strategic, never a moral nature. Therefore, must be the world's resources
in this region and from the importance of these resources against this background that
the West, to look at southern Africa, the Soviet Union in order to place troubled
waters Zhekuaiyijing yes Jinyi Bu Tuibozhulan and stubborn efforts. According to one
authoritative estimates, Republic of South Africa to just one-tenth of the world's
asbestos, three-quarters of the world's chrome ore, platinum group metals world, more
than half of half of the world gold, one third of the manganese and one in five
uranium, one-third of the diamond: almost impossible to estimate with the strategic and
economic importance of a mineral treasure.
Zaire's copper and cobalt, chromium Rhodesia, South Africa's gold, diamond, manganese
and platinum group metals ─ ━ These are the Soviet Union in the southern part of
Africa, the economic stakes of the bet. They have controlled both sides in Angola and
Mozambique, Cape of Good Hope the good port. If South Africa is under their control,
they will be able to control sea near the Cape of Good Hope, NATO's European countries
seventy percent of the required strategy, eighty percent of oil needs through these sea
transport. 【16】 late 70s, the Kremlin has formed a clamp on the Gulf shape
surrounded. aside from the southwest to envelop. air to Ethiopia in 1978, the Soviet
Union twenty thousand Minggubashi soldiers, on the one hand the Government of Ethiopia
and Somalia to support the war, on the one hand across the Red Sea from Saudi Arabia to
establish military facilities. Later that year, pro-Soviet group won power in South
Yemen, the Soviet Union in the Arabian peninsula have a beachhead. Before long, open to
north Yemen, South Yemen launched a military offensive. south of Yemen as a base by
terrorists in Saudi Arabia to take action. guerrillas also south of the Yemen-based
attacks on a border province of Oman. pronged encirclement of the other side of the
envelop from the northeast. In 1978 a military coup in Afghanistan, the Communist Party
came to power. the Afghan communist government quickly signed an agreement with Moscow.
When popular uprising threatened to overthrow the Communist regime, the Soviet Union
invaded the country. With a base in Afghanistan, the Soviet fighters,UGG shoes, bombers
could fly to the Strait of Hormuz. Kremlin leaders while advancing from two directions
in an attempt to control the an . 【17】 Nixon just opened its realistic style of the
resource as the core theory of geopolitical conflict and its transformation prelude?
quot; who controls the Persian Gulf and the Middle East, what is the problem, is more
than ever Who is to control something in the world, the key to this issue. Nixon, East
Asian countries including China, the rapid development beginning in the 80s, and this
development generated by the resource requirements, so that people consciously or
unconsciously, set his sights on the Persian Gulf, to invest in the Indian Ocean toward
India. This is the Indian nuclear tests from 1998 to date, the Indian Foreign actually
in a few years toward the peak from the lowest one reason for the dramatic.
three, India's strategy in the status of major powers to appreciate the speed of their
hand, some worry about the Indian people. India is the most abundant storage away from
the world's resources, geopolitical interests of the most concentrated areas of recent
and largest country. Are, therefore, independent India's first Prime Minister Nehru of
India 贾瓦拉哈拉 Tierney said something very meaningful future predictions, he history
of the Republic of India have a wider impact of the ? quot; India to the status it now,
can not play a second role in the world's. Or to make a vivid and dramatic power, or
disappeared, in the middle position does not motivate me, and I do not believe the
middle position is possible. ・ m ・ Panni Jia wrote, said: India is bound to be is a big
battleground state, then, to the modern, far the most abundant storage of oil and gas
resources in Central Asia exists in the North Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean coast
of the fact that the Indian Ocean and large enough to make the country's the contact;
If we take into account the intensive maritime routes in the Indian Ocean and the
global strategy of large country of great geo-strategic significance of the Malacca
Strait and the Strait of Bab el-distribution of the fact that both sides in the Indian
Ocean, Indian Ocean and its coast in recent modern history inevitably become non-class
power can not control, non-class power can not exist independently in areas of absolute
exclusiveness.
control of the Indian Ocean, we must control in India. for world hegemony, the control
of India's most thorough way is to
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